Opium was used sparingly in Europe during the middle ages, but its popularity increased during the Renaissance. By the dawn of the 19th century, opium addiction was a major problem.
The most of the earlier references to the poppy plant and opium from Sumerian, Greece, Roman, and Arab texts indicate that people were keenly aware of the therapeutic benefits of this drug early in history.
The Sumerian used the words hul, meaning ‘joy’ and gil meaning ‘plant’, when referring to the poppy plant.
In early 1850s, Alexander Wood, a Scottish physician, reasoned that the best way to relieve painful extremity injuries would be to inject morphine directly into the nerves that supplied the painful area.
In 1804, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner (1783-1841) isolated morphine from raw opium and his classic paper published in 1817. He chose the name morphine for Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams.
After he tested the extract on dogs, Sertürner used himself as a guinea pig, and almost died in the process.
The drug quickly became a legal analgesic that most were able to use safely. It was only after the later introduction of the hypodermic needle, which made intravenous injections possible, that morphine became commonly associated with abuse and addiction.
History of morphine
