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explanations for birth, death and disease. History of medicine shows how ideas have developed over the centuries, and medicine had arrived at its modern state through the course of history. "},"link":[{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/feeds\/posts\/default"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default?alt=json-in-script\u0026orderby=published"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/"},{"rel":"hub","href":"http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/"},{"rel":"next","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default?alt=json-in-script\u0026start-index=26\u0026max-results=25\u0026orderby=published"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"generator":{"version":"7.00","uri":"http://www.blogger.com","$t":"Blogger"},"openSearch$totalResults":{"$t":"371"},"openSearch$startIndex":{"$t":"1"},"openSearch$itemsPerPage":{"$t":"25"},"entry":[{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-1156804536834433094"},"published":{"$t":"2021-03-22T09:22:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2021-03-22T09:22:10.089-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"antioxidant"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"discovery"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"free radicals"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"History discovery of free radicals"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Free radicals are chemical species which have unpaired electrons on the boundary (atomic or molecular) orbitals.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe term “radical” was first introduced by Guyton de Morveau in 1786 and later used by Gay-Lussac, Liebig, and Berzelius to indicate groups of atoms which were found unchanged in many substances.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EFor the first time in 1900, Moses Gomberg, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Michigan, speculated the existence of an organic free radical, triphenyl methyl radical (Ph3C•) in the living system.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe published a sensational article entitled ‘Triphenylmethyl, a case of trivalent carbon’, having initiated a new field in organic chemistry, namely, the chemistry of free radicals in solutions. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe scientific community began recognizing the importance of free radicals in 1929, when Friedrich Paneth and Wilhelm Hofeditz produced the methyl free radical, CH3. They prepared the free radical methyl (⋅CH3), by pyrolysis of tetramethyl lead using an adaptation of the system used by Bonhoeffer to study atomic hydrogen.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ELater in 1954, Gershman proposed “free radical theory of oxygen toxicity”, according to which, the toxicity of oxygen is due to its ability to form free radicals. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn the same year, the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies by Commoner in 1954 confirmed the presence of free radicals in biological materials.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn medicine, understanding free radicals, particularly those formed by oxygen, has illuminated the nature of oxidative stress — damage that results when free radicals form faster than the body removes them. This, in turn, has revealed ways human health can be improved — for example, by using antioxidants.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003EHistory discovery of free radicals\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-gtYZOvlUHS8\/YFjECu7HfvI\/AAAAAAAAQHc\/bBm-nznD9bcMHwz_BOhcRYXK9V9JRztZwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s651\/2021-03-23.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"651\" data-original-width=\"593\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-gtYZOvlUHS8\/YFjECu7HfvI\/AAAAAAAAQHc\/bBm-nznD9bcMHwz_BOhcRYXK9V9JRztZwCLcBGAsYHQ\/w408-h449\/2021-03-23.png\" width=\"408\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1156804536834433094"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1156804536834433094"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2021\/03\/history-discovery-of-free-radicals.html","title":"History discovery of free radicals"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-6419082039568766432"},"published":{"$t":"2021-03-03T05:03:00.006-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2021-03-03T05:03:51.444-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"John Hans Menkes"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Menkes disease"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Menkes syndrome"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"John Hans Menkes: Pediatric neurologist"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"The disease of Menkes syndrome is named after John Hans Menkes. Menkes, was born in Vienna on December 20, 1928.  In 1939, following the German annexation of Austria, the family fled Austria and immigrated to the USA via Ireland. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EMenkes, son and grandson of physicians, followed the family tradition and studied medicine, despite his wish to become a journalist.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe graduated high school in California. He then earned a B.S. and M.S. degree in organic chemistry at the University of Southern California and attended medical school at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EFollowing a pediatric neurology residency at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York, Menkes went to the University of California, Los Angeles, where he spent the rest of his life advancing the field of pediatric neurology and having an impact on the fields of genetics and dermatology.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EMenkes became head of pediatric neurology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and later at the University of California, Los Angeles.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1957 he began a pediatric neurology fellowship at the New York Neurological Institute of Columbia University.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1960s researchers observing defective wool in affected sheep turned to the Australian Wool Research Laboratories to establish a link between a copper-deficient diet and defective hair formation. The disorder was first described by John Hans Menkes in 1962. Menkes identified two inherited diseases: maple syrup urine disease which is a defect in amino acid metabolism, and a defect in copper transport which bears his name.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1974 he entered private practice but returned to academic medicine in 1984 as professor of neurology and pediatrics at UCLA.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe established the pediatric neurology program at UCLA. Menkes has published numerous papers and a textbook of child neurology. He has also written several novels. He has received some literary prizes.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe died from complications of cancer on November 22, 2008.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003EJohn Hans Menkes: Pediatric neurologist\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-MSjXe1Q6nJs\/YD-JKrLQFFI\/AAAAAAAAQCU\/N-NUutyp8xoHxU2B0lz62nav5N7LzK23wCLcBGAsYHQ\/s634\/2021-03-03.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"566\" data-original-width=\"634\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-MSjXe1Q6nJs\/YD-JKrLQFFI\/AAAAAAAAQCU\/N-NUutyp8xoHxU2B0lz62nav5N7LzK23wCLcBGAsYHQ\/s320\/2021-03-03.png\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/6419082039568766432"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/6419082039568766432"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2021\/03\/john-hans-menkes-pediatric-neurologist.html","title":"John Hans Menkes: Pediatric neurologist"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-MSjXe1Q6nJs\/YD-JKrLQFFI\/AAAAAAAAQCU\/N-NUutyp8xoHxU2B0lz62nav5N7LzK23wCLcBGAsYHQ\/s72-c\/2021-03-03.png","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-5010304799283221097"},"published":{"$t":"2021-02-08T18:52:00.003-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2021-02-08T18:52:38.686-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"ALS"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Lou Gehrig's disease"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"History of Lou Gehrig’s disease"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"In the United States, ALS also is called Lou Gehrig’s disease, named for the Yankees baseball player who died of it in 1941. In Britain and elsewhere in the world, ALS is often called motor neuron disease in reference to the cells (motor neurons) that degenerate in this disorder.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ELou Gehrig signed with the New York Yankees in 1923 and in June 1925 began a streak of 2,130 consecutive games that ended only when he became weak 14 years later.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EFirst described in 1869 by French clinician Jean-Martin Charcot, ALS is a misunderstood illness. Doctors once thought it was rare but now consider it fairly common: about 5,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with ALS every year.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe word “amyotrophic” comes from Greek roots that mean “without nourishment to muscles” and refers to the loss of signals nerve cells normally send to muscle cells.  “Lateral” signifies the area of the spinal cord where portions of the dying nerve cells are located. “Sclerosis” means “hardened” and refers to the hardened nature of the spinal cord in advanced ALS.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe first description of multiple sclerosis dates back to the 14th century, but it was Jean-Martin Charcot and the use of the anatomoclinical method that made the first correlations between the clinical features of multiple sclerosis and the pathological changes noted post-mortem.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe described several cases of isolated progressive motor symptoms, with fasciculation, rigidity, contractures, bulbar involvement and death from respiratory failure. Charcot called this disease primary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and correctly identified the dysfunction of anterior horn cells as the pathology underlying the clinical features.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ECharcot described and diagnosed the first cases of ALS as a specific neurological disease associated with a distinct pathology. Studies conducted between 1865 to 1869 by Charcot and his colleague Joffroy found that lesions within the lateral column in the spinal cord resulted in chronic progressive paralysis and contractures (no atrophy of muscles), while lesions of the anterior horn of the spinal cord resulted in paralysis without contractures (with atrophy of muscles).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ECharcot's work on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brought together neurological entities formerly considered as disparate disorders, primary amyotrophy and primary lateral sclerosis. In addition, these studies contributed to the understanding of spinal cord and brain stem anatomy and the organization of the normal nervous system.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003EHistory of Lou Gehrig’s disease\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-MDLDfVOtF4U\/YCH4pAknuOI\/AAAAAAAAP5s\/HkbtSAKR7s8Mo6aMEejyj9_ZfM9yTUvAQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s765\/2021-02-09.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"476\" data-original-width=\"765\" height=\"305\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-MDLDfVOtF4U\/YCH4pAknuOI\/AAAAAAAAP5s\/HkbtSAKR7s8Mo6aMEejyj9_ZfM9yTUvAQCLcBGAsYHQ\/w490-h305\/2021-02-09.png\" width=\"490\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/5010304799283221097"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/5010304799283221097"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2021\/02\/history-of-lou-gehrigs-disease.html","title":"History of Lou Gehrig’s disease"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-773352137086417102"},"published":{"$t":"2021-01-19T03:08:00.001-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2021-01-19T03:10:07.530-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Avempace"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Ibnu Bajjah"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Spanish"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Ibnu Bajjah or Avempace "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Ibnu Bajjah or Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Saigh was born in Saragossa in 500 AH\/1099 AD. and died in Fez (Morocco) in Ramadan, 533 A.H. (1139 CE).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E “Avempace” is the name who given by European for Ibn Bajjah. He was highly influential in medicine, philosophy and mathematics.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe was a celebrated Spanish Muslim scholar, commentator of Aristotle, scientist, poet and musician.  He was a creative and iconoclastic thicker, an instigator of the ‘Andalusia revolt’, who operated an observatory on his own and made original contribution to physical theory, with his account of projectile motion.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHis thoughts greatly influenced Ibnu Rushd also called by the Latinized name, Averroes, 1126–98 AD), the Andalusian philosopher known as “the Commentator on Aristotle.” Avempace practiced as a physician in his native city but after the fall of Saragossa in 513 AH to the Christians he resided in Seville and Xatina.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ELater he went to Fez in Morocco where he was made at the Almoravid court. Ibnu Bajjah’s most celebrated work is Tadbir al-Mutawahhid, Regime of the Solitary which he left unfinished. Tadbirul-Mutawahhid is a book about moral and political inspired from AlMadinatul-Fadhilah from Al-Farabi.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EKitab al-Nafs (Book on the soul) is a philosophical treatise focused on psychology and principles of logic and reason. Although the treatise draws parallels with, and is often compared to, Aristotle’s De Anima (On the soul), it is not an explicit commentary on that work.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EAvempace wrote nine medical treatises. One of them is “Commentary on Aphorisms”. Galen inscribed commentary on Hippocrates’ Aphorisms in “Commentary on Aphorisms” that includes Avempace’s view about medicine. Medical syllogisms are revolved by means of experience. Experience is obtained in a person’s life time through perception. Avempace defines experience: \"As man’s reliance on perception to know particular [aspects, juz’iyyat] of some matter so that some science results from this perception.”\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003EIbnu Bajjah or Avempace\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-rZdl9J3yUWY\/YAa9gNlbjHI\/AAAAAAAAPvk\/FLugViRmaZA2jn0ng_4x7EsMcF5UrZJKQCLcBGAsYHQ\/s513\/1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"513\" data-original-width=\"355\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-rZdl9J3yUWY\/YAa9gNlbjHI\/AAAAAAAAPvk\/FLugViRmaZA2jn0ng_4x7EsMcF5UrZJKQCLcBGAsYHQ\/w349-h505\/1.jpg\" width=\"349\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/773352137086417102"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/773352137086417102"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2021\/01\/ibnu-bajjah-or-avempace.html","title":"Ibnu Bajjah or Avempace "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-7565453397055238654"},"published":{"$t":"2020-12-22T17:05:00.004-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-12-22T17:05:50.770-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"biography"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"syndrome"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Tourette Syndrome"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"In the early part of the 20th century the disease of tics was regarded as a psychiatric disorder and from 1920 those suffering from tics were referred for psychoanalysis. After 1970 the disease of Gilles de la Tourette experienced a revival. The American couple Shapiro rediscovered the disorder as a neurological disease and named it the Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe first comprehensive description of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome as a neurological condition dates back to 1885 when Georges Gilles de la Tourette published his case series of nine patients sharing the clinical triad of tics, echolalia, and coprolalia. In his article, Gilles de la Tourette presented some earlier descriptions of this disorder.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EGeorges Albert Edouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette (1857-1904), a French neurologist and pupil of Jean Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière hospital in Paris. His father was a merchant but belonged to a family of physicians. Georges lacked discipline and had a difficult character with unpredictable mood swings. He was peculiar, but exhibited a keen intelligence\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EAt age 16, he started medical school in Poitiers, France. His mother wouldn’t let him study in Paris because she thought that the city of love had too many temptations for young Georges. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe has gained common recognition through his description of the 'Maladie des Tics'. This complex neuropsychiatric disorder, later known as the 'Tourette's syndrome', nowadays is accepted as a specific entity of movement disorders.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe published scientific works on epilepsia, neurasthenia and syphilitic myelitis. He died on 22 May 1904 with advanced dementia at the Lausanne Psychiatric Hospital in Cery.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003EGilles de la Tourette Syndrome\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-mgzmz9wrgUk\/X-KXwp69EcI\/AAAAAAAAPlo\/u3ZjhvyFqoEZI6FImy77RQyFN79Ib0pdwCLcBGAsYHQ\/s524\/1a.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"524\" data-original-width=\"508\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-mgzmz9wrgUk\/X-KXwp69EcI\/AAAAAAAAPlo\/u3ZjhvyFqoEZI6FImy77RQyFN79Ib0pdwCLcBGAsYHQ\/w453-h467\/1a.jpg\" width=\"453\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/7565453397055238654"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/7565453397055238654"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/12\/gilles-de-la-tourette-syndrome.html","title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-1360887162068543396"},"published":{"$t":"2020-12-22T07:40:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-12-22T07:40:17.544-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"disease"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"malaria"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"mosquito"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"History of malaria: Mosquito-borne infectious disease"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Malaria is a mosquito-borne life-threatening infectious disease of humans, caused by parasites (genus: \u003Ci\u003EPlasmodium\u003C\/i\u003E)  that  are  transmitted  to  people  through  the  bites  of   infected   mosquitoes  (genus: \u003Ci\u003EAnopheles\u003C\/i\u003E). \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe  history of malaria stretches from its prehistoric origin as a zoonotic  disease in the primates of Africa through to the 21st century. A  widespread and potentially lethal human infectious disease, at its peak  malaria infested every continent, except Antarctica. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe first  evidence of malaria parasites was found in mosquitoes preserved in amber  from the Palaeogene period that are approximately 30 million years old.  Human malaria likely originated in Africa and coevolved with its hosts,  mosquitoes and non-human primates. Malaria protozoa are diversified  into primate, rodent, bird, and reptile host lineages. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 2700  BC:, The Nei Ching(Chinese Canon of Medicine) discussed malaria symptoms  and the relationship between fevers and enlarged spleens. The  name  is   derived  from  the Italian, “mal aria,” or bad air. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1550 BC, The Ebers Papyrus mentions fevers, rigors, splenomegaly, and oil from Balantines tree as mosquito repellent. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EFor  thousands of years, traditional herbal remedies have been used to treat  malaria. The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark  of cinchona tree, which contains quinine. After the link to mosquitos  and their parasites were identified in the early twentieth century,  mosquito control measures such as widespread use of DDT, swamp drainage,  covering or oiling the surface of open water sources, indoor residual  spraying and use of insecticide treated nets was initiated. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn  the 1890's British scientist Patrick Manson theorized that mosquitoes  may be involved in malaria transmission.  In 1897, Ronald Ross, a  British officer in the Indian Medical Service, demonstrated that malaria  parasites could be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes. He  also showed that mosquitoes could transmit the parasites from bird to  bird, demonstrating the existence of a sporogonic cycle (development  within the mosquito).\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #a50021;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormalCxSpMiddle\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EHistory of malaria: Mosquito-borne infectious disease\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-L5Jm8DMfFzY\/X-ITRaZrQNI\/AAAAAAAAPlc\/gvkVRsfygp0tGwIRL-0ITM1CQoVJVJQ_wCLcBGAsYHQ\/s638\/1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"462\" data-original-width=\"638\" height=\"284\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-L5Jm8DMfFzY\/X-ITRaZrQNI\/AAAAAAAAPlc\/gvkVRsfygp0tGwIRL-0ITM1CQoVJVJQ_wCLcBGAsYHQ\/w392-h284\/1.jpg\" width=\"392\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1360887162068543396"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1360887162068543396"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/11\/malaria-in-history.html","title":"History of malaria: Mosquito-borne infectious disease"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-2209578903764934353"},"published":{"$t":"2020-11-30T21:03:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-11-30T21:03:20.826-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"balloonist theory"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"neuroscience"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"theory"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Balloonist theory"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Balloonist theory was a theory of muscle contraction centered on the  idea of explaining muscle movement by asserting that muscles contract by  inflating with air or fluid. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe Greek physician Galen believed  that muscles contracted due to a fluid flowing into them, and for 1500  years afterward, it was believed that nerves were hollow and that they  carried fluid. Galen lived from about A.D.130 to 200. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIt was the   17th century philosopher,  scientist  and  mathematician,  René  Descartes, who was explain various aspects of physiology such as the  reflex arc, proposed that \"animal spirits\" flowed into muscle and were  responsible for their contraction. In extending his speculations beyond  the notions of his predecessors, Descartes relied extensively    upon     mathematical    and mechanical models. He postulated that the heart    supplied   \"animal   spirits\"   to   the nerves,  which  conveyed  the   spirits  to  the muscles,  very  much  as water  is conducted through   pipes. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1667, Thomas Willis, a London  physician, proposed  that muscles may expand by the reaction of animal spirits with vital  spirits. Although  his  speculations  about  the  anatomical  sites  of   reflection,   memory,  and phantasy  had  little  enduring   scientific  impact,  his  investigations  did  contribute important   information    about   the  blood supply  to the brain. The  ring of blood  ves-sels   which  he  described  at  the  base  of  the brain continues to bear his  name (the circleof Willis) and still is an important  landmarkof  brain   anatomy. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe end  of the  \"balloonist\"  theories  of  nerve-muscle activities came, after Jan Swammerdam, a Dutch anatomist  famous for working with insects, struck the first important blow against  the balloonist theory.  Jan Swammerdam, in the  1667, performed  a   most  elegant  series of  experiments  on  this point,  and  proved   that  contracting  muscles  were  not  swollen  by  any influx  of  fluids from  nerves. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EFrancis Glisson (1597-1677) disproved  balloonist theories of nerve function by submerging a man's arm in water  and measuring the displacement of water when the muscles were  con-tracted. Because no change in water level could  be observed,  Glisson concluded that muscle contraction was not the result of fluid  flowing into the muscle as was commonly thought.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe  invention of the microscope allowed preparations of nerves to be viewed  at high magnification, showing that they are not hollow. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn  1791, Luigi Galvani learned that frogs' muscles could be made to move by  the application of electricity. In 1848, Emil du Bois-Reymond was the  first to demonstrate that the nervous effect was an electrical  phenomenon and that a  wave of electrical negativity, an action  potential, passes down the nerve.\u003Cspan color=\"windowtext\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormalCxSpMiddle\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan color=\"windowtext\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003EBalloonist theory\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/2209578903764934353"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/2209578903764934353"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/12\/balloonist-theory-early-theory-of.html","title":"Balloonist theory"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-8333653542911562067"},"published":{"$t":"2020-11-30T20:46:00.005-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-11-30T20:46:41.391-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"ancient"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"arteriosclerosis"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"History of arteriosclerosis"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"The first is an Egyptian Erasistratus, who lived around 300 BC was able to carry out an extensive study of organs of the body and described three pathways: veins, arteries, and nerves. His description of the heart and the heart valves is a very accurate. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ELeonardo da Vinci theorized that diseases derived from some imperfection in the structure of the human body. In his drawing \u003Ci\u003EThe Anatomy of the Old Man\u003C\/i\u003E written   'In proportion as the Vessels become old their branches lose their straightness and become so much the more bent or tortuous, and their coats thicker, as old age becomes full of years.' Leonardo wrote, \"vessels in the elderly, through the thickenings of the tunics, restrict the transit of the blood,\" and \"the artery and the vein in the aged which extend between the spleen and the liver, acquires so thick a covering that it contracts the passage of blood....' This is one of the earliest descriptions of the changes of arteriosclerosis. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe name arteriosclerosis is derived from the Greek words meaning “hardening of the arteries.” Arteriosclerosis is a phenomenon that may have existed since ancient times even in Egypt. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIt was in 1575 Fallopius wrote about “a degeneration of arteries into bone,” and anatomists of that era commonly mentioned ossified arteries. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EJohann Friedrich Crell, in 1740 said that this hardening was not due to ossification of turning into bone but due to pus. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe Quaker physician, John Fothergill (1 712-1780) gave interesting advice concerning the prevention of coronary disease and arteriosclerosis. On the first appearance of symptoms, he advised the patient to adopt a plan of restricted food, which \"might greatly retard the progress of the disorder, and to restrain excesses of passion and anxiety, which perhaps contribute more to the increase of this disease than a combination of all other causes.\" \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EAnatomist Antonio Scarpa, who lived from 1752 to 1832, in his book, \u003Ci\u003ESull Aneurisma, Riflession: ed Osservazioni Anatomico-chirurgiche \u003C\/i\u003E he described the cause of aneurysm as \"slow, morbid ulcerated, steatomatous, fungus, squamous degeneration of the internal coat of the artery.\" \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1755 von Haller found that these lesions that Crell thought were pus were actually something else. He used the term ‘atheroma’ that in Greek meant a space filled with gruel like material. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EJean Fréderic Martin Lobstein, a pathologist working in Strasburg, first used the terms ‘arteriosclerosis’ while he analyzed the composition of calcified arterial lesions. He refers to arteriosclerosis as a thickening and a hardening of the arteries. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1903 Mönckeberg arteriosclerosis was first described and named after Johann Georg Mönckeberg using details from 130 patients. It was also called “Mönckeberg media sclerosis” or “Mönckeberg media calcinosis”.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003EHistory of arteriosclerosis\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/8333653542911562067"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/8333653542911562067"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/11\/history-of-arteriosclerosis.html","title":"History of arteriosclerosis"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-4469436735710722860"},"published":{"$t":"2020-11-05T06:58:00.001-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-11-05T17:42:09.994-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Edward Jenner"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"England"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"immunology"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"vaccination"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Edward Jenner: English physician who pioneered the concept of vaccines"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Edward Jenner is well known English physician around the world for his innovative contribution to immunization and the ultimate eradication of smallpox. His work is widely regarded as the foundation of immunology—despite the fact that he was neither the first to suggest that infection with cowpox conferred specific immunity to smallpox nor the first to attempt cowpox inoculation for this purpose. In May 1796, Edward Jenner found a young dairymaid, Sarah Nelms, who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hands and arms.\u003Cbr \/\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003E On May 14, 1796, using matter from Nelms’ lesions, he inoculated an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps. Subsequently, the boy developed mild fever and discomfort in the axillae. Nine days after the procedure he felt cold and had lost his appetite, but on the next day he was much better. In July 1796, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. No disease developed, and Jenner concluded that protection was complete. \u003Cbr \/\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003E Nearly two years were to elapse between Dr. Edward Jenner's first vaccination in May 1796 and his subsequent experiments, which began in March 1798. In all, perhaps 15 persons were vaccinated. Publication of the findings quickly followed. Jenner published at his own expense, in September 1798, his now famous Inquiry (shorthand for its proper title, An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the name of the Cow Pox).\u003Cbr \/\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003E By the summer of 1799, Jenner's observations had been confirmed by a number of practitioners, and upwards of 1000 persons had been given the vaccine.\u003Cbr \/\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003E Subsequently, Jenner followed-up his original publication with a 1799 “Further Observations on the Variolae Vaccinae,” in which he detailed how to recognize typical Cow Pox lesions and to discriminate them from other similar pustular lesions that were not Cow Pox.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EEdward Jenner: English physician who pioneered the concept of vaccines\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-zMJS0BlR3dU\/X6Sp54uAfsI\/AAAAAAAAPUQ\/H1A0oFCxgQkuKFqe-PK1Z9dOtFchJF7qACLcBGAsYHQ\/s1092\/1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1000\" data-original-width=\"1092\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-zMJS0BlR3dU\/X6Sp54uAfsI\/AAAAAAAAPUQ\/H1A0oFCxgQkuKFqe-PK1Z9dOtFchJF7qACLcBGAsYHQ\/s320\/1.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/4469436735710722860"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/4469436735710722860"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/11\/first-vaccination-by-edward-jenner.html","title":"Edward Jenner: English physician who pioneered the concept of vaccines"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-zMJS0BlR3dU\/X6Sp54uAfsI\/AAAAAAAAPUQ\/H1A0oFCxgQkuKFqe-PK1Z9dOtFchJF7qACLcBGAsYHQ\/s72-c\/1.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-3405108724473811755"},"published":{"$t":"2020-10-15T09:04:00.006-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-10-15T09:06:35.888-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"America"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"yellow fever"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":" Yellow Fever in American continent "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Yellow fever was an unknown disease until the discovery of the Americas. Yellow fever virus originated in Africa and was brought to the western hemisphere during the slave trade era with the first epidemic was reported in the American continent.  It is possible to characterize with greater certainty the infection by yellow fever, occurred in the Yucatán peninsula in 1648. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe first accurate description of yellow fever seems to be the one written in the year 1495, after the battle known as Vega Real or Santo Cerro, fought by Columbus in Hispaniola against the Indians. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EYellow fever appeared in New York in 1668, in Boston in 1691, in Philadelphia in 1669 and in Charleston in 1699. In the US, an epidemic in Philadelphia in 1793 decimated about 10% of the population. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1848 Josiah Clark Nott (1804-1973) was the first to suggest that yellow fever was spread by mosquitos, but in 1881, Cuban epidemiologist Carlos Finlay significantly advanced the research when he suggested that there was an association of the disease transmission with mosquito bites. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1900, physician Walter Reed proved this association and Reed's work led a campaign in Havana against the urban mosquito vector, eliminating the disease in 1902. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EYellow Fever in American continent\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-JidsoKuyxCo\/X4hzFEgVE_I\/AAAAAAAAPMg\/DPRRBhpa5SIGmAAu7eBLP0hMQgUfC-MQgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s2048\/1.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1092\" data-original-width=\"2048\" height=\"276\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-JidsoKuyxCo\/X4hzFEgVE_I\/AAAAAAAAPMg\/DPRRBhpa5SIGmAAu7eBLP0hMQgUfC-MQgCLcBGAsYHQ\/w516-h276\/1.jpg\" width=\"516\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/3405108724473811755"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/3405108724473811755"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/10\/history-of-yellow-fever.html","title":" Yellow Fever in American continent "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-1650487849690980989"},"published":{"$t":"2020-09-22T00:49:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-09-22T00:49:01.428-07:00"},"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Discovery of vitamin B5"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Pantothenic acid, also known as pantothenate or vitamin B5, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin. It is pantoic acid linked to β-alanine through an amide bond. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe presence of a pellagra-like dermatitis in chicks on a restricted diet was first described by Ringrose and Norris in 1931. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EPantothenic acid (also known vitamin B5) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin that was identified in 1933. It was first shown to be an essential factor   for the growth of yeast and in curing of (deficiency-induced) dermatitis in chickens.   \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EPantothenic acid was isolated and extracted from liver in 1938, and first synthesized in 1940. Roger John Williams is credited with coining the name from the Greek word \u003Ci\u003Epanthos\u003C\/i\u003E, which translates as “from everywhere.” It was given this name because of its widespread presence in food. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWilliams an American biochemist, established that pantothenic acid was required for the growth of certain bacteria and yeast. Using chromatographic and fractionation procedures that were typical of the 1930s (solvent-dependent chemical partitioning), Williams isolated several grams of pantothenic acid for structural determination from 250 kg of liver. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn the 1950s, one of the functional forms of pantothenic acid, coenzyme A (CoA), was discovered as the cofactor essential for the acetylation of sulfonamides and choline.6 In the mid-1960s, pantothenic acid was next identified as a component of acyl carrier protein (ACP) in the fatty acid synthesis complex. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003EDiscovery of vitamin B5\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-ASJ93sxVHq8\/X2msXR_CZiI\/AAAAAAAAPEI\/GKCS_kKDcaorc63kNbSKq0gs-RSemk0WgCLcBGAsYHQ\/s735\/1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"735\" data-original-width=\"483\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-ASJ93sxVHq8\/X2msXR_CZiI\/AAAAAAAAPEI\/GKCS_kKDcaorc63kNbSKq0gs-RSemk0WgCLcBGAsYHQ\/w362-h552\/1.jpg\" width=\"362\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1650487849690980989"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1650487849690980989"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/09\/discovery-of-vitamin-b5.html","title":"Discovery of vitamin B5"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-1368708435670461030"},"published":{"$t":"2020-09-06T02:58:00.005-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-09-06T02:58:42.214-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"copper"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Menkes disease"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"mineral"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"History of Menkes disease "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Menkes disease is an X-linked multisystemic lethal disorder of copper metabolism. Patients usually exhibit a severe clinical course, with death in early childhood, but variable forms exist and occipital horn syndrome (OHS) is the mildest form. Menkes syndrome patients fail to absorb copper from the gastrointestinal tract in quantities adequate for meeting nutritional needs. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIt is characterized by progressive cerebral degeneration with psychomotor deterioration, seizures, and connective tissue alteration with hair abnormalities. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe history of Menkes disease (MD) dates back to as early as 1937 when Australian veterinary scientists recognized an association between copper deficiency and a demyelinating disease of the brain in the offspring of sheep grazing in copper-deficient pastures. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EResearchers in the 1960s observing defective wool in affected sheep turned to the Australian Wool Research Laboratories to establish a link between a copper-deficient diet and defective hair formation. The disorder was first described by John Hans Menkes in 1962. He was an Austrian-American pediatric neurologist and author of fictional novels and plays. He identified two inherited diseases: maple syrup urine disease which is a defect in amino acid metabolism, and a defect in copper transport which bears his name. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EDanks, a physician, identified Menkes syndrome as a human example of abnormal neurodevelopment due to copper deficiency. Danks’s discovery was based on his recognition that the unusual hair of infants with Menkes syndrome appeared similar in texture to the brittle wool of sheep raised on copper-deficient soil in Australia. He measured serum copper in seven Menkes syndrome patients and found low concentrations in all cases. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EO’Brien and Sampson coined the term “kinky hair disease” and performed biochemical studies on frozen brain tissues of two siblings, which demonstrated a reduction in docosahexaenoic acid, the most highly unsaturated fatty acid in brain. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003EHistory of Menkes disease\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1368708435670461030"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1368708435670461030"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/09\/history-of-menkes-disease.html","title":"History of Menkes disease "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-6488198871473562873"},"published":{"$t":"2020-08-12T23:05:00.007-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-08-12T23:05:38.704-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"diabetes"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"insulin"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Islet of Langerhan"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Extraction of insulin from islet of Langerhans"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"The term of “diabetes” was coined by the Greek Aretaeus in the second century AD. In 1776, the Liverpool physician, natural philosopher and experimental physiologist Matthew Dobson (1732 or 1735–1784) discovered that urine of diabetic patients is sweet because of excess in sugar. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1869, Paul Langerhans discovered with his doctoral thesis the existence of clusters of cells in the pancreas, despite their function was unknown. Islets of Langerhans are islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas. However, the link between diabetes and the pancreas was not discovered until 1889 by Minkowski and von Mering. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1909, the Belgian Jean de Meyer coined the term “insuline” to refer to the “internal secretions” of the pancreas, from the Latin word for “island”. In 1910 and later in 1916, in London, Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer  described in depth that the pancreatic islands are able to secrete a substance capable of controlling glucose metabolism. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThere were many attempts to isolate the “internal secretions” of the pancreas during the first two decades of the twentieth century. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIt was not until October 1920 that Fredrick G. Banting, a young orthopedic surgeon, got inspired while reading an article to prepare a lecture about the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and diabetes. He believed that earlier failures were attributable to the destructive action of trypsin. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ESince November 1920, Banting began working in a laboratory led by John James Richard MacLeod. Banting's goal was to isolate the hormone secreted by the pancreatic islands. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe hypothesized that ligation of the pancreatic ducts before the extraction of the organ would destroy the acinar tissue, the enzyme-secreting compartment of the pancreas, while the islets of Langerhans would remain intact and able to produce the internal secretion regulating sugar metabolism. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1921 the Canadian scientists Banting, Charles H. Best, J. J. R. Macleod and James B. Collip discovered insulin, a peptide (small protein hormone) which lowers blood sugar. They extracted insulin from the islets of animal pancreases. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThey closed the pancreatic ducts with a technique designed by Banting to get the degeneration of the pancreatic exocrine tissue and to obtain a pancreatic islet from the pure state. With this liquid extract, for the first time, in the history of medicine, Banting and Best found the way to control glucose in a diabetic animal. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ETheir experiments produced an extract of pancreas that reduced the hyperglycemia and glycosuria in dogs made diabetic by the removal of their pancreases. They next developed a procedure for extraction from the entire pancreas without the need for duct ligation. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe discovery of insulin, and the demonstration that it can lower blood glucose in dogs, by Frederick Banting and Charles Best in 1921, and its subsequent development for clinical use, in collaboration with John Macleod and James Collip, led to the award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Banting and Macleod in 1923. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"\u003EExtraction of insulin from islet of Langerhans\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/6488198871473562873"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/6488198871473562873"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/08\/extraction-of-insulin-from-islet-of.html","title":"Extraction of insulin from islet of Langerhans"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-1395884818313913546"},"published":{"$t":"2020-07-28T04:31:00.002-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-07-28T04:31:23.550-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"ancient history"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"diabetes"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Ancient history of diabetes "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Ebers Papyrus, which was written around 1500 BC, excavated in 1862 AD from an ancient grave in Thebes, Egypt, and published by Egyptologist Georg Ebers in 1874, describes, among various other ailments and their remedies, a condition of “too great emptying of the urine” – perhaps, the reference to diabetes mellitus. For the treatment of this condition, ancient Egyptian physicians were advocating the use of wheat grains, fruit, and sweet beer. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe condition was first termed ‘diabetes’ by Apollonius Memphites. Apollonius Memphites, an Egyptian physician at around 230 BC had used the prefix ‘diabetes’ for the first time to denote an excessive passage of urine and ascribed its aetiology to the kidney. In Greek, “diabetes” means “siphon.” \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EDiabetes, a Greek word was the term used to denote ‘run through or siphon’ in the description of incessant urination (Adams 1856), a word originally ascribed to Demetrios of Apamaia in the 200-250 BC. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe first attempt at describing the symptoms of diabetes was made by Aulus Cornelius Celsus (30 BC-50 AD) of Greece. Celsus had described an ailment which presented with excessive urination in frequency and volume, and painless emaciations. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EBy 500 A.D. two Indian physicians – Susruta and Charaka – had differentiated between the type 1 and type 2 forms of the disease. And they made observations of the sweetness of urine from observing ants congregating around the urine of patients. Sushruta  uses the term “madhumeha” to refer to diabetes. “Madhu” means “honey” or “sweet,” and the whole term refers to the sweetness of diabetic urine. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThey observed that thin individuals with diabetes developed diabetes at a younger age in contrast to heavier individuals with diabetes, who had a later onset and lived longer period of time after the diagnosis. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn the same year that Dumas gave glucose its name, the physician George Rees isolated sugar in excess from the blood of a patient with diabetes. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: blue;\"\u003EAncient history of diabetes\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1395884818313913546"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/1395884818313913546"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/07\/ancient-history-of-diabetes.html","title":"Ancient history of diabetes "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-4864922462613565010"},"published":{"$t":"2020-07-09T06:09:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2020-07-09T06:09:01.315-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"medical schools"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Philadelphia College of Medicine"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"First medical school in United States "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"The first physician in the colonies was Dr Laurence Bohune who arrived in Virginia in 1610 as physician for the London Company. The first physician in New England was Dr Samuel Fuller who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 18th and early 19th century colonial America, colleges for the most part prepared students for the ministry. The faculties of Harvard, Pennsylvania, Yale and Dartmouth were mostly theologians. No colleges in the colonies had a medical school before 1765. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EFirst efforts at formal medical education in the colonies began with preceptors giving lectures on various subjects to multiple students, first just to their own students but then to other students as well. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EOn the 24th July, 1764 John Morgan, a young doctor from Philadelphia, just graduated in Edinburgh, met Giovanni Battista Morgagni (Father of modern anatomical pathology) in Padua. The visit to the old Morgagni inspired the young Morgan. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe first medical school in the colonies was founded by John Morgan and co-founded with Willian Shippen, Jr. in Philadelphia in 1765 as the Philadelphia College of Medicine. These lectures were conceived initially as supplementary to the preceptorship and were coordinated with it. This school ultimately underwent a name change to become the University of Pennsylvania. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EDr. William Shippen, Jr had long advocated the establishment of such school. Like Morgan, he had studied abroad with the intention of preparing himself for the role of some importance.  Returning home, he had given three courses in anatomy in Philadelphia. Morgan was appointed Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, Shippen, Professor of Anatomy and surgery. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe first lectures were delivered in mid-November 1765. The same year Morgan published “A Discourse upon the Institution of Medical Schools in America”, where he set the principles of Medicine as “The Guardian of life and health, against death and disease”, with a rigorous curriculum studiorum. Since then a terrific development of Medicine occurred in terms of discoveries and inventions, according to the triad “Patient care, teaching and research”. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1765, when formal medical education began in the American colonies, Philadelphia was the largest city in Britain's North American territories and was foremost in cultural development among all the towns that had sprung up along the Atlantic seaboard. The College of Philadelphia (later to become the University of Pennsylvania), the Library Company, and the Pennsylvania Hospital had been flourishing for more than a decade. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe second medical school was King’s College (Columbia) in New York, established in 1768. Only these 2 schools had begun prior to the Revolutionary War. Two more schools, both in New England, were started before 1800: Harvard Medical School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1782 and Dartmouth Medical School in 1797 in Hanover, New Hampshire. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: blue;\"\u003EFirst medical school in United States\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/4864922462613565010"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/4864922462613565010"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2020\/07\/first-medical-school-in-united-states.html","title":"First medical school in United States "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-3891106977680968985"},"published":{"$t":"2019-12-05T08:10:00.000-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2019-12-05T08:10:14.809-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Herbert Mclean Evans"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"vitamin E"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Vitamin E – First description by Herbert Mclean Evans"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Originally discovered as a dietary factor essential for reproduction in rats, vitamin E has since been revealed to have many more important molecular properties, such as the scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with consequent prevention of the oxidative damage associated with many diseases, or the modulation of signal transduction and gene expression in antioxidant and non-antioxidant manners. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EVitamin E was first described in 1922 by Herbert M Evans and Katherine Bishop. It was discovered at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1936, it was biochemically characterized and named tocopherol (Greek: “tocos” meaning offspring and “phero” meaning to bring forth). Today the term “vitamin E” encompasses a group of eight lipophilic molecules that are synthesized by plants starting from homogentisic acid. It includes four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are subdivided into alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and delta (δ) forms based on the methyl and hydroxyl substitution in their phenolic rings. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ECurrently, synthetic forms of vitamin E consist mainly of α-tocopherol, which was first synthesized in 1938. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHerbert Mclean Evans (September 23, 1882 – March 6, 1971),   anatomist,    endocrinologist,    and bibliophile,   was born   in   Modesto,   California.  His  father,  Clayburn  Wayne  Evans,  a  native  of Alabama,  was  the  leading  physician  and  surgeon  in  the  then-small  town;  he  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  in  the  upper  San Joaquin   Valley   to   do   abdominal   surgery.  \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe attributed  much  of  his early  interest  in science, literature,and  history  to  a  cultivated  high  school  principal  in  his  hometown  and  the  excellent  library  at  the  school. He studied at john Hopkins University and later became professor of anatomy at the University of California, Berkeley, and held that position until his death. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EVitamin E – First description by Herbert Mclean Evans\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/3891106977680968985"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/3891106977680968985"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2019\/12\/vitamin-e-first-description-by-herbert.html","title":"Vitamin E – First description by Herbert Mclean Evans"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-7078238420345279389"},"published":{"$t":"2019-11-21T07:42:00.003-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2019-11-21T08:11:17.494-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"deficiency"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"history"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"rickets"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"vitamin D"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":" Dr. Daniel Whistler and the first description of a vitamin D-deficiency"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"The term ‘rickets’ first appeared in 1634 when listed as a cause of death in London’s Annual Bill of Mortality.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe first scientific description of a vitamin D-deficiency, namely  rickets, was provided in the 17th century by both Dr. Daniel Whistler  and Professor Francis Glisson.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIt was that   English physician Dr. Daniel Whistler described its  symptoms in 1645. The publication by Whisker was a concise monograph of  only 14 pages and was written when author was 26 years old. It  represented the thesis required for his degree of doctor of medicine.  His thesis was ‘De morbo perili Anglorum’ - The Children’s disease of  the English.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe Latin thesis was read at Leiden on 18th October 1645. The importance  of this thesis lies in the fact that it contained the first complete  clinical account of rickets.   Whistler's book was published a short time after the reading of his  thesis in 1645. It was a small quarto volume of some eighteen pages,  though when it was reprinted in 1684, it was in octavo.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn his thesis Dr. Whistler proposed a wide range of suggestions for  treatment from crow’s or frog’s livers, application of leeches,  purgation, poultices of snails and salt placed on the belly, and grease  from mainly pork fat, goosegrease and butter to be smeared on the  swollen epiphyses.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormalCxSpFirst\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: windowtext;\"\u003E\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003EDr. Daniel Whistler and the first description of a vitamin D-deficiency\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/7078238420345279389"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/7078238420345279389"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2019\/11\/dr-daniel-whistler-and-first-scientific.html","title":" Dr. Daniel Whistler and the first description of a vitamin D-deficiency"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-952222261964223447"},"published":{"$t":"2019-11-06T18:05:00.002-08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2019-11-06T18:05:33.659-08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Francis Glisson"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"rickets"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"vitamin D"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"First scientific description of a vitamin D-deficiency by Francis Glisson (1597–1677)"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Rickets,  a  disease  of  vitamin  D  deficiency,  al-though  rare,  is  still  diagnosed  in  the  United States. The discovery of vitamin D began with the recognition of rickets as childhood bone disease by Francis Glisson in 1650. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EBorn in 1597, Francis was the second son of William Glisson of Rampisham of Dorset. Admitted to Caius College, Cambridge in1617, he took a degree in Arts in 1620, was incorporated MA at Oxford in 1627, and turning to the study of physics, graduated MD from Cambridge in 1634 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn  1650,   Glisson published  in  Latin  a  treatise  on  rickets  titled  “DeRachitide.”7,8Glisson’s   work   remains   a   classic among   medical   texts.  Glisson’s sound and elegant observation of rickets is based on clinical  and  postmortem  experience.  \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EGlisson’s treatise addresses the clinical features of rickets in a scientific tone, but lapses into medieval mysticism  while  discussing  the  etiology  of  rickets. Glisson ascribed the etiology of rickets to  “cold distemper,  that  is  moist  and  consisting  of  penury  or paucity  of  and  stupefaction  of  sprits.” \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe was the first to appreciate that infantile scurvy was a separate entity, although it might coexist with rickets, whereas the profession generally considered them to be one disease until Barlow’s paper was published 200 years later. Glisson recognized, too, that rickets were neither congenital nor inherited, were not contagious, nor caused by syphilis. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe association between rickets and a lack of sunlight exposure was reported by Sniadecki in  1822.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNormalCxSpMiddle\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: windowtext;\"\u003EFirst scientific description of a vitamin D-deficiency by Francis Glisson (1597–1677)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/952222261964223447"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/952222261964223447"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2019\/11\/first-scientific-description-of-vitamin.html","title":"First scientific description of a vitamin D-deficiency by Francis Glisson (1597–1677)"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-2432472844956707412"},"published":{"$t":"2019-10-26T04:33:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2019-10-26T04:33:19.378-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"H5N1"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"outbreak"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Outbreak of H5N1 in 1996\/1997"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"The precursor of the H5N1 influenza virus that spread to humans in 1997  was first detected in China of Guangdong province, in 1996, when it  caused a moderate number of deaths in geese. However, it attracted very  little attention at the time.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn  late  March  and  early  May  1997,  an  H5N1  influenza virus   caused  high  mortality  on  three  chicken  farms  in  the New  Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1997 outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 are reported in poultry at  farms and live animal markets in Hong Kong. Human infections with avian  influenza H5N1 are reported in Hong Kong. Altogether, 18 cases (6 fatal)  are reported in the first known instance of human infection with this  virus.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ESince their first recognition, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses  H5N1 influenza viruses have become endemic in poultry populations in  Southeast Asia and have spread to more than 60 countries. The extent of  control measures, the number of live poultry markets, and the numbers of  poultry backyard flocks may have determined if highly pathogenic avian  influenza viruses H5N1 viruses became endemic or caused only localized  outbreaks.\u003Cb\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EOutbreak of H5N1 in 1996\/1997\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/2432472844956707412"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/2432472844956707412"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2019\/10\/outbreak-of-h5n1-in-19961997.html","title":"Outbreak of H5N1 in 1996\/1997"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-8115136343857316983"},"published":{"$t":"2019-10-15T07:09:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2019-10-15T07:09:18.604-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Edward Mellanby"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"rickets"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"vitamin D"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Sir Edward Mellanby and study of rickets"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Rickets in young children, known for centuries as the English disease,  was fully described in 1650 by Francis Glisson, Regius Professor of  Physic at Cambridge, and also four years earlier in a thesis presented  to the University of Leyden by Daniel Whistler, a medical student from  Oxford.    Whistler published a monograph titled “\u003Ci\u003EInaugural medical disputation  on  the  disease  of  English  children  which  is popularly termed the rickets\u003C\/i\u003E.”\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWhistler provided a succinct  description  of  the  signs  and  symptoms   of rickets in his thesis and used an alternate term called  “Paedosteocaces”  to  describe  the  clinical  symptoms of  rickets.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIt was in 1919\/20 that Sir Edward Mellanby, an English physician,  working with dogs raised exclusively indoors (in the absence of sunlight  or ultraviolet light), devised a diet that allowed him to unequivocally  establish that the bone disease, rickets was caused by a deficiency of a  trace component present in the diet.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EVegetable oils such as olive oil, cotton seed oil and linseed oil  permitted development of rickets, where as it could be prevented or  cured with cod liver oil or egg yolk. Mellanby concluded that a vitamin  substance preventing rickets was present in these fats.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1921 he wrote, \"The action of fats in rickets is due to a vitamin or  accessory food factor which they contain, probably identical with the  fat-soluble vitamin.\" Furthermore, he established that cod liver oil was  an excellent antirachitic agent.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EMellanby had presumed that calcium and phosphorus  were  adequate  in   all  of  his  rachitic  diets  but  it was soon established that all of  his diets were relatively deficient in calcium and lacked favorable  calcium  phosphorus  ratios. Mellanby’s  work  clearly established  the   role  of  diet  in  the  cause  of  rickets.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ESir Edward Mellanby and study of rickets \u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/8115136343857316983"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/8115136343857316983"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2019\/10\/sir-edward-mellanby-and-study-of-rickets.html","title":"Sir Edward Mellanby and study of rickets"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-970241731647394193"},"published":{"$t":"2019-10-03T03:00:00.003-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2019-10-03T03:00:44.258-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"filariasis"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Filariasis in history "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ELymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with the  mosquito-borne, thread-like, parasitic filarial worms \u003Ci\u003EWuchereria bancrofti\u003C\/i\u003E, \u003Ci\u003EBrugia malayi \u003C\/i\u003Eand B. \u003Ci\u003Etimori\u003C\/i\u003E.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003EIn Egypt, nocturnally periodic bancroftian filariasis has been endemic  since Pharaonic times. The first written documents of filariasis come  from the ancient Greek and Roman writers who could differentiate between  the similar symptoms of leprosy and filariasis.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003EJan Huygen Linschoten during his trip to Goa between 1588 and 1592 first  documented the disease symptoms and wrote that inhabitants ‘‘all born  with one of their legs and one foot from the knee downwards as thick as  an elephant’s leg.’’\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003EFilariasis was the first human disease described in which transmission  through the skin was cause by the bites of arthropods. Doctor O.  Wucherer (1868) found the embryonic filarial worms in the urine of a  patient in Bahia, Brazil. T. R. Lewis (1872), working in India, observed  the embryos in the urine and also in the blood, and Joseph Bancroft  (1878) in Brisbane, Australia first described the adult worm. The  parasite has been designated \u003Ci\u003EWuchereria bancrofti\u003C\/i\u003E.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003EThe momentous discovery of the role of the mosquito in transmitting the  disease was made by the Scotsman Patrick Mansion (1877) while he was  practicing medicine in the Far East with the Chinese Imperial Maritime  Customs. He became interested in the disease that confronted him,  including filariasis. In that disease he recognized the parasites in  peripheral blood films and also in postmortems material.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003EPatrick Mansion noted the nocturnal appearance of the parasites in the  peripheral blood and postulated that a blood sucking insect might be  responsible for transmitting the infection. Manson proved the presence  of the microfilaria in the mosquito \u003Ci\u003ECulex fatigans\u003C\/i\u003E, thus supplying the missing link in the life cycle of the disease.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EFilariasis in history \u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/970241731647394193"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/970241731647394193"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2019\/10\/filariasis-in-history.html","title":"Filariasis in history "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}]},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-3833171798899644478"},"published":{"$t":"2018-10-22T22:14:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-10-22T22:14:03.926-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Crotonian Medical School"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Italy"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"School of Medicine"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Crotonian Medical School"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"The date of the founding of the Crotonian Medical School is not known, but as early as the sixth century BC, it had achieved an excellent reputation. Herodotus (circa 484–425 BC) wrote: “the physicians of Crotona had the name of being the best, and those of Cyrêné the second best, in all Greece”.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ECroton became a medical metropolis through the distinction of its medical school and the ability of its doctors, of whom Democedes is one of the best known. This famous physician came to Croton from Cnidus in 530 B .C., and remained there until 525 B.C., when his services were retained by Athens as State physician.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-aIuIcY24U2k\/W86tqxVO_bI\/AAAAAAAAOW8\/_rKShdc06Ygma6Z7wZxGGci30bdyY_MAACLcBGAs\/s1600\/1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"544\" data-original-width=\"795\" height=\"218\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-aIuIcY24U2k\/W86tqxVO_bI\/AAAAAAAAOW8\/_rKShdc06Ygma6Z7wZxGGci30bdyY_MAACLcBGAs\/s320\/1.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003ECrotonian physicians were considered the first in Greece. One member of the Crotonian school, Alcmaeon, achieved great distinction in both anatomy and physiology. He first recognized the brain as the organ of the mind and made careful dissections of the nerves which he traced to the brain.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ECrotonian Medical School \u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-85QVvpErfSw\/W86tuH3QNjI\/AAAAAAAAOXA\/vMzqADhBA0Axk_GQsZe7vHJoWZXxb1LGQCLcBGAs\/s1600\/2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1200\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-85QVvpErfSw\/W86tuH3QNjI\/AAAAAAAAOXA\/vMzqADhBA0Axk_GQsZe7vHJoWZXxb1LGQCLcBGAs\/s320\/2.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: blue;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: small;\"\u003EModern day of Croton\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/3833171798899644478"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/3833171798899644478"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2018\/10\/crotonian-medical-school.html","title":"Crotonian Medical School"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-aIuIcY24U2k\/W86tqxVO_bI\/AAAAAAAAOW8\/_rKShdc06Ygma6Z7wZxGGci30bdyY_MAACLcBGAs\/s72-c\/1.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-4998873479083035606"},"published":{"$t":"2018-10-22T19:51:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-10-22T19:51:11.632-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"biography"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"discovery"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"mycobacterium"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"scientist"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Short biography of Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841-1912)"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"He was well known for his pioneer study of leprosy - a prominent disease in the history of human sufferings.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EArmauer Hansen was the discoverer of the causative agent of leprosy.  Armauer Hansen was born in 29 July 1841 in Bergen, Norway. He entered  the University of Christiana to study medicine in 1859. He obtained his  degree in medicine in 1866, and completed his internship at the National  Hospital in Christiania. After about two years at Bergen’s Leprosy  Hospital he underwent a period of study in Vienna, where he became  familiar with the ‘germ theory’ of disease. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u003C\/div\u003EReturning to Bergen, Hansen was by now convinced that leprosy was a  specific communicable disease. In 1873, he discovered rod-shaped bodies  later identified as \u003Ci\u003EM. leprae\u003C\/i\u003E. He published his observations in  1874. By improving his staining technique in 1879, he was able to show  great numbers of rod-shaped bacteria typically aggregated in parallel.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn 1880 Hansen named the organism causing leprosy as \u003Ci\u003EBacillus leprae\u003C\/i\u003E.  When Lehman and Neumann erected the new genus Mycobacterium in 1896, it  was transferred to this genus and henceforth ahs be known as \u003Ci\u003EMycobacterium leprae\u003C\/i\u003E.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe believed that the bacillus was the etiological agent of leprosy, which proved to be true. Hansen’s publication from 1874, \u003Ci\u003EPreliminary Contributions to the Characteristics of Leprosy\u003C\/i\u003E, is the earliest description of a microorganism as the cause of a chronic disease.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EShort biography of Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841-1912)\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-ZHw7J5WKPF8\/W86MkQlxOFI\/AAAAAAAAOWw\/cFaGdnQ9R1Mq4aQ7EVZEzf_V-VP9Gh-uwCLcBGAs\/s1600\/1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"370\" data-original-width=\"300\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-ZHw7J5WKPF8\/W86MkQlxOFI\/AAAAAAAAOWw\/cFaGdnQ9R1Mq4aQ7EVZEzf_V-VP9Gh-uwCLcBGAs\/s320\/1.jpg\" width=\"259\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/4998873479083035606"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/4998873479083035606"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2018\/10\/short-biography-of-gerhard-henrik.html","title":"Short biography of Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841-1912)"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-ZHw7J5WKPF8\/W86MkQlxOFI\/AAAAAAAAOWw\/cFaGdnQ9R1Mq4aQ7EVZEzf_V-VP9Gh-uwCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/1.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-7151590011020099348"},"published":{"$t":"2018-10-04T09:25:00.002-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-10-04T09:25:33.011-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"bacteriology"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"discovery"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"salmonella"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Theobald Smith"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Theobald Smith and the discovery of Salmonella"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"The existence of transmission links between insects and animals, and  insects and humans, was demonstrated first by Patrick Manson’s  elucidation of the causes of filariasis (1878), second by the discovery  of the tick-borne nature of Texas cattle fever by Theobald Smith (1893).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ETheobald Smith was better known for his discovery of Salmonella, and also his work of cattle fever.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003ESalmonella was originally discovered by Theobald Smith (1859-1934) a  technician in 1885; however, it was named after the technician’s  research leader, Daniel E. Salmon(1850-1914), who was a veterinarian.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ESmith isolated what became known as \u003Ci\u003ESalmonella choleraesuis \u003C\/i\u003Efrom the intestine of a pig. At that time he named the organism “Hog-cholerabacillus.”\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003EFrench bacteriologist Joseph Leon Marcel Lignieres suggested in 1900  that the group of bacteria represented by the swine-cholera organism  should be termed “Salmonella” on honor of Salmon.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ESalmonella was known by many names before its official title was chosen,  It had been called TPE, or thypoid-parathypus-enteritis. A German  bacteriologist name Karl Joseph Eberth referred to it as Eberthella  thypi.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ESalmonella is the genus name for a bacterium that is responsible for  causing illness worldwide. Species in the genus Salmonella are  categorized as facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods within the  family Enterobacteriaceae.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003ETheobald Smith and the discovery of Salmonella\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-1OHxC1SZXBw\/W7Y-81tOWtI\/AAAAAAAAORA\/B7N685yLxD8VlueNmkYCs9mkv0mGqNzZwCLcBGAs\/s1600\/1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"351\" data-original-width=\"295\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-1OHxC1SZXBw\/W7Y-81tOWtI\/AAAAAAAAORA\/B7N685yLxD8VlueNmkYCs9mkv0mGqNzZwCLcBGAs\/s320\/1.jpg\" width=\"268\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/7151590011020099348"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/7151590011020099348"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2018\/10\/theobald-smith-and-discovery-of.html","title":"Theobald Smith and the discovery of Salmonella"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-1OHxC1SZXBw\/W7Y-81tOWtI\/AAAAAAAAORA\/B7N685yLxD8VlueNmkYCs9mkv0mGqNzZwCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/1.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5502075479150655576.post-2485141350138887800"},"published":{"$t":"2018-09-15T06:46:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-09-15T06:51:19.448-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Alcmaeon"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Croton"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Greek"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"The works of Alcmaeon of Croton"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Alcmaeon, or Alkameon, or Alkmaion (’Aλχμαιων ´ ), a pre-Socratic physician–philosopher, lived in Croton around 520–450 BC.  According to Diogenes Laertius, Alcmaeon of Croton wrote chiefly on medical subjects. Regarding the birth date, Aristotle says that Alcmaeon of Croton lived when Pythagoras was old.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ECroton, which he came from, was a scientific metropolis thanks to excellent medical school, run by Alcmaeon for some time. In ancient times, Croton was considered an important cultural center, famous for the temple to Hera Lacinia built on the cape by the same name: “Lakinion àkron”. To this city – Democedes (one of the most famous doctors in Hellas) arrived to practice medicine for five years (c.530-525 BC).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe is likely to have written his book sometime between 500 and 450 BCE. The surviving fragments and testimonia focus primarily on issues of physiology, psychology, and epistemology and reveal Alcmaeon to be a thinker of considerable originality.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EAlcmaeon probably conducted autopsies on animal organisms. In ancient times, he was considered as a father of anatomy, which is proof of his very knowledgeable.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHe was the first to identify the brain as the seat of understanding and to distinguish understanding from perception.  He believed that the brain was the center of emotions, knowledge, mind, and the soul. Further, he associated the functions of the sense organs with the brain.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EAlcmaeon's theory based on the Pythagorean beliefs that the brain is a source of mind, soul, and logic, and the heart he called the place of formation of feelings. Alcmaeon wrote several books about medicine and natural sciences. Laertius (1853) indicates that the title of Alcmaeon’s most important book was \u003Ci\u003EDe Natura\u003C\/i\u003E or “Natural Philosophy.” De Natura was quoted frequently in ancient times and influenced Hippocrates, Herophilus, Plato, Galen, and others.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EThe works of Alcmaeon of Croton\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-LtRBXVwLfuw\/W50NKKGO0hI\/AAAAAAAAOKI\/WRBk4UvII-Ih21JdiVJjpErqB5x6GkL0QCLcBGAs\/s1600\/1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"261\" data-original-width=\"193\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-LtRBXVwLfuw\/W50NKKGO0hI\/AAAAAAAAOKI\/WRBk4UvII-Ih21JdiVJjpErqB5x6GkL0QCLcBGAs\/s400\/1.jpg\" width=\"295\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/2485141350138887800"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/5502075479150655576\/posts\/default\/2485141350138887800"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"https:\/\/www.world-medicinehistory.com\/2018\/09\/alcmaeon-of-croton.html","title":"The works of Alcmaeon of Croton"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-LtRBXVwLfuw\/W50NKKGO0hI\/AAAAAAAAOKI\/WRBk4UvII-Ih21JdiVJjpErqB5x6GkL0QCLcBGAs\/s72-c\/1.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}}]}});